Abstract Context: Many studies show the importance of evaluating the adaptation time of subjects in a virtual driving environment, looking forwards to a response as closest as a possible real vehicle. Objectives: This study aimed to identify and analyze the adaptation to the driving simulator in older adults and middle-aged adults with and without a distraction, and a secondary aim was to identify predictors of safe performance for older adults’ drives. Design: Male and female middle-aged adults (n = 62, age = 30.3 ± 7.1 years) and older adults (n = 102, age = 70.4 ± 5.8 years) were evaluated for braking time performance in a driving simulator; cognition performance assessment included the Mini-Mental State Examination; motor evaluation included ankle flexor muscle strength with the isokinetic dynamometer and handgrip strength; the postural balance was evaluated with Timed Up and Go test, with and without a cognitive distraction task. Results: Older adults (men and women) and middle-aged adult women require more time to adapt to the driving simulator. The distractor increases the adaptation time for all groups. The main predictors of braking time for older women are age, muscle strength, and postural balance associated with distraction, and for older men, muscle strength. Conclusions: Age, sex, and distractor interfere in the adaptation of the virtual task of driving in a simulator. The evaluation model developed with multi-domains demonstrated the ability to predict which skills are related to braking time with and without the presence of the distractor.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Ankle sprains are frequent in sports activities and can lead to joint instability with clinical and performance consequences. Sudden ankle inversion platforms have been used to study the mechanism of ankle sprain. Objectives: To test a static platform that simulates the movement of ankle sprain (sudden inversion) in soccer players. Methods: A platform was developed to perform the sudden movement of an ankle sprain dissociated in three axes: inversion, plantar flexion, and medial rotation. A computer program was also created to read the angular velocity and the time to reach the maximum amplitude of the three axes of movement, synchronized with the platform movements. Thirty soccer players without ankle sprains were evaluated on the sudden inversion platform. Each athlete performed 10 randomly initiated tests, with five per leg. Results: There was no statistical difference in angular velocity or time to reach maximum range of motion of plantar flexion and medial rotation between the tests. During the tests, the angular velocity of the inversion increased. Conclusion: The sudden static platform evaluated the movements performed by the ankle during the sprain reliably in the 10 tests with no difference in the mechanical behavior. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic studies - Investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMEN Introducción: El esguince de tobillo es frecuente en las actividades deportivas y puede provocar inestabilidad articular con consecuencias clínicas y de desempeño. Se han utilizado plataformas de inversión súbita del tobillo para estudiar el mecanismo del esguince de tobillo. Objetivos: Probar una plataforma estática que simule el movimiento de esguince de tobillo (inversión súbita) en jugadores de fútbol. Métodos: La plataforma fue desarrollada para realizar el movimiento brusco del esguince de tobillo disociado en tres ejes: inversión, flexión plantar y rotación medial. También se creó un programa informático para leer la velocidad angular y el tiempo para alcanzar la máxima amplitud de los tres ejes de movimiento, sincronizados con los movimientos de la plataforma. Treinta futbolistas sin esguince de tobillo fueron evaluados en la plataforma súbita. Cada atleta realizó 10 pruebas, iniciadas al azar, cinco en cada pierna. Resultados: Entre las pruebas, no hubo diferencias estadísticas en las velocidades angulares y el tiempo para alcanzar la amplitud máxima de los movimientos de flexión plantar y rotación medial. Durante las pruebas, la velocidad angular de la inversión aumentó. Conclusión: La plataforma estática súbita, evaluada en 10 intentos, fue confiable para evaluar los movimientos realizados por el tobillo durante el esguince, y no hubo diferencias en el comportamiento mecánico. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: A entorse do tornozelo é frequente nas atividades esportivas, podendo levar à instabilidade articular com consequências clínicas e de desempenho. As plataformas de inversão súbita do tornozelo têm sido usadas para estudar o mecanismo de entorse do tornozelo. Objetivos: Testar uma plataforma estática que simule o movimento de entorse do tornozelo (inversão súbita) em jogadores de futebol. Métodos: A plataforma foi desenvolvida para realizar o movimento súbito da entorse de tornozelo dissociado em três eixos: inversão, flexão plantar e rotação medial. Também foi criado um programa de computador para leitura da velocidade angular e do tempo para atingir a amplitude máxima dos três eixos de movimento, sincronizados com os movimentos da plataforma. Trinta jogadores de futebol sem entorse de tornozelo foram avaliados na plataforma súbita. Cada atleta fez 10 testes, iniciados de forma aleatória, sendo cinco em cada perna. Resultados: Entre os testes, não houve diferença estatística das velocidades angulares e tempo para atingir a amplitude máxima do movimento de flexão plantar e rotação medial. Durante os testes, a velocidade angular da inversão aumentou. Conclusão: A plataforma estática súbita, avaliada em 10 tentativas, foi confiável para avaliar os movimentos executados pelo tornozelo durante a entorse, e não houve diferença de comportamento mecânico. Nível de evidência I; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

Abstract Context: Transtibial Amputation (TA) predisposes to a sedentary lifestyle. Objectives: To evaluate the efficiency of a short-term (8-week) Concurrent Training (CT) program in Unilateral Transtibial Amputees (UTA) and to compare it with the physical condition of a group of Paralympic athletes in preparation for the Rio de Janeiro Paralympics. Design: This was a longitudinal, prospective and controlled trial study. Methods: Thirty-four male subjects with UTA and using prostheses for six months or more were selected for this study. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 (G1) – 17 non-athlete and untrained UTA and Group 2 (G2) – 17 paralympic athletes with active UTA in the training phase. G1 was evaluated before and after eight weeks of CT and G2 made a single evaluation for control. All were submitted to anamnesis, clinical evaluation (blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and heart rate) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a lower limb cycle ergometer, and isokinetic knee dynamometry. The CT of G1 included resistance exercise and aerobic interval training on a stationary bicycle and G2 followed the training of the Paralympic teams. Results: Patients were retested by the same methods after CT. The two most important central dependent variables (maximal oxygen uptake and muscular strength) increased by 22% and knee extensor and flexor strength by 106% and 97%, respectively. Conclusion: After eight weeks of CT, there was an improvement in general functional condition, muscle strength, and cardiorespiratory performance improving protection against chronic diseases and quality of life.

ABSTRACT Objective As the soccer culture in Brazil is more popular than schooling, this study reflected on the formal education levels of soccer (football) players through descriptive and quantitative analyses. Methods We evaluated 179 national soccer players playing various positions on different teams across six seasons (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2022). Data were collected using a questionnaire comprising the following variables: age, position in the pitch, age of professionalization, and education (years of study). The data were distributed according to the pitch position. Results The mean age, length of professional career, and professionalization age were 23±6 years, 7±5 years, and 17±2 years, respectively. In terms of education, 121 athletes (67%) completed high school, equivalent to 11 years of study. Only 5.5% completed higher education, with defensive players (goalkeepers and defenders) being the most educated at 37% (66/179). According to 2017 figures from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua of the Federal Government of Brazil, the schooling rate is 31.7%, wherein 46.1% of Brazilians aged 25 years or over have completed education. In this study of 179 athletes, 67% had completed high school. Thus, players outrank the Brazilian population in terms of achieving a high school education. There were marked disparities in the relative proportions of goalkeepers (85%), defensive players (68%), midfielders (63%), and forward players (64%) in terms of their education. Conclusion Our survey revealed that attending higher education remains a distant reality in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Objective: Fatigue of the ankle’s stabilizing muscles may influence the performance of functional activities and postural control. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of healthy young adults using functional jump tests and static posturography control under pre- and post-fatigue conditions of the ankle invertor and evertor muscles. Methods: Thirty physically active healthy male and female (15 male and 15 female) volunteers (24.3 years) were enrolled in this prospective cross-sectional study. Participants performed tests on one day under a non-fatigued state of invertor and evertor muscles and on the second day in a fatigued state. Tests included static posturography on a force platform in a bipedal stance with eyes open and closed and in one-legged support with eyes open and functional jump tests (figure-of-8, side hop, 6-m crossover hop, and square hop). Fatigue of the ankle invertor and evertor muscles was induced using isokinetic dynamometry with 30 repetitions at 120°/s. Results: Participants had an average age of 24.3 years (SD ± 2.08), the height of 1.73 m (SD ± 0.08), and a weight of 68.63 kg (SD ± 10.29). The average Body Mass Index (BMI) was 22.88 (SD ± 2.46). A decrease in performance was observed in functional activities and postural control under all conditions after the induction of muscle fatigue, except for the speed at a bipedal stance with eyes open. Conclusions: Functional jump tests are low cost and useful for clinical practice and evaluation of the effects of muscle fatigue and could be used in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical characteristics, ground reaction force (GRF), and function of the plantar muscles and dorsiflexors of the ankle in runners with and without Achilles tendinopathy (AT) and in non-runners. METHODS: Seventy-two participants (42 men, 30 women; mean age: 37.3±9.9 years) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study and divided into three groups: AT group (ATG, n=24), healthy runners’ group (HRG, n=24), and non-runners’ group (NRG, n=24). Both ankles were evaluated in each group. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale was used for clinical and functional evaluation. GRF was evaluated using force plates and muscle strength was evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: The AOFAS scores were lower in the ATG. The strike impulse was higher in the ATG than in the HRG and NRG. However, GRF was similar among the groups. The ATG exhibited lower total work at 120°/s speed than the HRG. The peak torque in concentric dorsiflexion was lower in the NRG than in the ATG and HRG. The peak torque and total work in concentric plantar flexion were lower in the NRG than in the ATG. The peak torque and total work in eccentric plantar flexion were lower in the NRG than in the ATG and HRG. CONCLUSION: Runners with AT showed higher strike impulse, lower muscle strength of the plantar flexors, and higher clinical and functional damage.

RESUMO Introdução: O limite de estabilidade caracteriza-se pelo ângulo máximo de inclinação que um indivíduo pode alcançar e pela maior variabilidade em condições extremas; trata-se de uma estratégia arrojada e/ou perigosa do controle motor. Objetivos: Avaliar se as medidas antropométricas e a composição corporal interferem nos limites de estabilidade e nas descargas de peso em diferentes velocidades em adultos. Métodos: Foram analisados 87 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, entre 20 a 40 anos de idade, por meio de avaliação antropométrica e composição corporal. Para as avaliações de equilíbrio foram usados uma plataforma de força, testes de limite de estabilidade (LE) e troca rítmica de peso (TRP). Resultados: No teste de LE, o sexo feminino correlacionou-se negativamente com o tamanho do pé e o tempo de reação e positivamente com a excursão máxima. Na TRP, o grupo feminino apresentou correlação negativa com estatura e comprimento do membro superior (CMS) com controle de direção médio-lateral. O grupo masculino apresentou correlação negativa com CMS e controle de direção látero-lateral. Conclusões: As variáveis de composição corporal não interferem nos testes de LE e TRP em indivíduos que apresentam valores de índice de massa corporal (IMC) dentro da normalidade, exceto a densitometria óssea (DMO) em mulheres. Quanto aos parâmetros antropométricos, estatura, CMS e tamanho dos pés no grupo feminino e no masculino foram os seguintes: CMS e tamanho dos pés têm pouca influência no controle do equilíbrio postural. Nível de evidência II, Estudos diagnósticos – Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The limit of stability is characterized by the maximum angle of inclination that an individual can reach and greater variability in extreme conditions; it is a bold and/or dangerous motor control strategy. Objective: Assess whether anthropometric measurements and body composition interfere with limits of stability and weight-bearing at different speeds in adults. Methods: Eighty-seven subjects of both sexes aged between 20 and 40 years were analyzed using anthropometric assessment and body composition. A force platform, limits of stability (LoS) and rhythmic weight shift (RWS) tests were used for the balance assessments. Results: In the LoS test, being female was negatively correlated with foot size and reaction time, and positively correlated with maximum excursion. In the RWS test, the female group had a negative correlation with height and upper limb length (ULL), with mediolateral directional control. The male group had a negative correlation with ULL and laterolateral directional control. Conclusion: Body composition variables do not interfere in the LoS and RWS tests in subjects with normal body mass index (BMI) values, except for bone densitometry (BMD) in women. As regards anthropometric parameters, height, ULL and foot size in the female and male groups were as follows: ULL and foot size exert little influence on postural balance control. Level of evidence II, Diagnostic studies - Investigation of a diagnostic test.

RESUMEN Introducción: El límite de estabilidad se caracteriza por el ángulo de inclinación máximo que puede alcanzar un individuo y por la mayor variabilidad en condiciones extremas; se trata de una estrategia audaz y/o peligrosa de control motor. Objetivos: Evaluar si las medidas antropométricas y la composición corporal interfieren en los límites de estabilidad y en las descargas de peso en diferentes velocidades en adultos. Métodos: Fueron analizados 87 individuos de ambos sexos, entre 20 a 40 años de edad, por medio de evaluación antropométrica y composición corporal. Para las evaluaciones de equilibrio se usaron una plataforma de fuerza, tests de límite de estabilidad (LE) e intercambio rítmico de peso (IRP). Resultados: En el test de LE, el sexo femenino se correlacionó negativamente con el tamaño del pie y el tiempo de reacción y positivamente con la excursión máxima. En el IRP el grupo femenino presentó correlación negativa con estatura y longitud de miembros superiores (LMS) con control de dirección medio-lateral. El grupo masculino presentó correlación negativa con LMS y control de dirección latero-lateral. Conclusiones: Las variables de composición corporal no interfieren en los tests LE y IRP en individuos que presentan valores de índice de masa corporal (IMC) dentro de la normalidad, excepto la densitometría ósea (DMO) en mujeres. Sobre los parámetros antropométricos, estatura, LMS y tamaño de los pies en el grupo femenino y en el masculino fueron los siguientes: LMS y tamaño de los pies tienen poca influencia en el control del equilibrio postural. Nivel de evidencia II, Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.

RESUMO A máscara é um dispositivo simples, mas oferece altos níveis de proteção. Como o vírus afeta principalmente o trato respiratório – nariz, boca e pulmões – é altamente contagioso quando as pessoas espirram, tossem ou trocam gotículas respiratórias com outras pessoas. Essa troca também é promovida quando a pessoa está realizando exercícios físicos. Embora a máscara forneça alguma proteção, ela não elimina a necessidade de distanciamento social. Cerca de 25% das pessoas infectadas com o novo coronavírus podem não apresentar sintomas, mas mesmo assim, transmitem o vírus. Um dos principais problemas do uso de máscara é que ela dificulta a respiração, pois gradualmente fica úmida e aumenta a resistência à entrada de ar. É necessário um período de adaptação para a atividade física com máscara, pois o fluxo de ar para os pulmões é reduzido, exigindo a diminuição do ritmo normal até que a adaptação ocorra. Exercícios vigorosos e intensos podem aumentam a atividade inflamatória e devem ser minimizados para proteger o sistema imunológico. A imunoglobulina secretora A (IgA) é uma proteína anticorpo usada pelo sistema imunológico para neutralizar patógenos, incluindo vírus, e diminui com exercícios intensos. O exercício é considerado intenso quando é necessário respirar pela boca para eliminar a maior concentração de CO2, mas a respiração bucal está associada a infecções do trato respiratório superior. A preferência deve ser pelos exercícios leves a moderados, realizados cerca de três vezes por semana. Usar a máscara e treinar a respiração nasal são os modos melhores e mais seguros de reduzir a entrada de partículas e precisam ser incentivados durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Nível de evidência V; Opinião do especialista.

ABSTRACT A mask is a simple device yet it provides high levels of protection. As the virus affects mainly the respiratory tract – the nose, mouth, and lungs - it is highly contagious when people sneeze or cough, or exchange respiratory droplets with other people. This exchange is also promoted when a person is performing physical exercise. Although a mask provides some protection, it does not eliminate the need for social distancing. Around 25% of people infected with the new coronavirus may show no symptoms, yet still transmit the virus. One of the main problems with wearing a mask is that it hinders breathing, with the mask gradually becoming damp, increasing its resistance to air intake. Wearing a mask while performing physical activity requires a period of adaptation, as the flow of air to the lungs is reduced, requiring a reduction in the normal rhythm until the wearer has managed to adapt to it. Vigorous and intense exercise can cause inflammatory activity to increase, and should be minimized in order to protect the immune system. Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody protein used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens, including viruses, and decreases with intense exercise. Exercise is considered intense when it is necessary to breathe through the mouth to eliminate the higher concentrations of CO2, but mouth breathing is associated with infections of the upper respiratory tract. Preference should be given to light to moderate exercise, around three times a week. Wearing a mask, and training in nasal breathing are the best and safest ways to reduce the entry of particles, and should be encouraged during this COVID-19 pandemic. Level of evidence V; Opinion of the specialist.

RESUMEN La máscara es un dispositivo simple, pero ofrece altos niveles de protección. Debido a que el virus afecta principalmente el tracto respiratorio (nariz, boca y pulmones) es muy contagioso cuando las personas estornudan, tosen o intercambian gotitas respiratorias con otros. Aunque la máscara proporciona cierta protección, no elimina la necesidad del distanciamiento social. Alrededor del 25% de las personas infectadas con el nuevo coronavirus pueden no tener síntomas, pero aun así transmiten el virus. Uno de los principales problemas de la máscara es que dificulta la respiración, ya que gradualmente se humedece y aumenta la resistencia a la entrada del aire. Es necesario un período de adaptación para la actividad física con una máscara, ya que reduce el flujo de aire a los pulmones, lo que requiere una disminución del ritmo normal hasta que se produzca la adaptación. El ejercicio vigoroso e intenso puede aumentar la actividad inflamatoria y debe minimizarse para proteger el sistema inmunitario. La inmunoglobulina secretora A (IgA) es una proteína anticuerpo utilizada por el sistema inmunitario para neutralizar los patógenos, incluidos los virus, y disminuye con el ejercicio intenso. El ejercicio se considera intenso cuando es necesario respirar por la boca debido la mayor concentración de CO2, pero la respiración bucal se asocia con infecciones del tracto respiratorio superior. La preferencia debe ser para la realización de ejercicios leves a moderados aproximadamente tres veces por semana. Usar la máscara y entrenar la respiración nasal es mejor y más seguro para reducir la entrada de partículas y deben estimularse durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Nivel de evidencia V; Opinión de expertos.

RESUMO O novo coronavírus, que causa a doença infecciosa denominada COVID-19 pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, foi notificado em dezembro, na China. As principais manifestações clínicas dos pacientes infectados são febre, tosse e dispneia. Esses pacientes têm propensão a desenvolver alterações cardíacas, miopatia difusa, diminuição da função pulmonar, diminuição da força muscular inspiratória e deterioração da capacidade funcional. Assim sendo, é esperado que os pacientes afetados pela COVID-19 sofram sequelas musculoesqueléticas em decorrência do processo inflamatório e perda de massa muscular causada pela imobilidade, que geram incapacidades motoras ainda não quantificáveis. Existe a necessidade de entender as implicações clínicas causadas pela COVID-19 para elaborar melhores estratégias de reabilitação para esses pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise reflexiva no que tange ao impacto da COVID-19 nos sistemas imunológico, neuromuscular e musculoesquelético e no processo de reabilitação. Trata-se de uma análise reflexiva, desenvolvida no Laboratório do Estudo do Movimento do Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Nesta análise, fizemos uma reflexão sobre os seguintes tópicos relacionados com a COVID-19: mecanismos imunológicos, impacto no sistemas neuromuscular e musculoesquelético e reabilitação dos pacientes. Nível de evidência V; Opinião do especialista.

ABSTRACT The new coronavirus, which causes the infectious disease named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), was notified in 2020 in China. The main clinical manifestations in infected patients are fever, cough and dyspnoea. These patients are prone to developing cardiac changes, diffuse myopathy, decreased pulmonary function, decreased inspiratory muscle strength, and a deterioration in functional capacity. Thus, it is expected that patients affected by COVID-19 will suffer musculoskeletal consequences as a result of the inflammatory process and loss of muscle mass caused by immobility, generating motor incapacities that are not yet quantifiable. It is important to understand the clinical implications caused by COVID-19, in order to have better rehabilitation strategies for these patients. The aim of this study was to conduct a reflective analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the immune, neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems, and its rehabilitation process. This is a reflexive analysis, developed in the Laboratory for the Study of Movement of the Institute of Orthopaedics’ and Traumatology, at the Universidade de São Paulo School of Medicine, SP, Brazil. In this analysis, we reflect on the following topics related to COVID-19: immunological mechanisms, impact on the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems, and the rehabilitation of patients. Level of evidence V; Opinion of the specialist.

RESUMEN El nuevo coronavirus, que causa la enfermedad infecciosa llamada COVID-19 por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, fue notificado en diciembre en China. Las principales manifestaciones clínicas de los pacientes infectados son fiebre, tos y disnea. Esos pacientes son propensos a desarrollar cambios cardíacos, miopatía difusa, disminución de la función pulmonar, disminución de la fuerza muscular inspiratoria y deterioro de la capacidad funcional. Por lo tanto, se espera que los pacientes afectados por COVID-19 sufran secuelas musculoesqueléticas debido al proceso inflamatorio y pérdida de masa muscular causada por la inmovilidad, que generan discapacidades motoras aún no son cuantificables. Es necesario comprender las implicaciones clínicas causadas por COVID-19 para elaborar mejores estrategias de rehabilitación para estos pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un análisis reflexivo sobre el impacto de COVID-19, en los sistemas inmunitario, neuromuscular y musculoesquelético y en el proceso de rehabilitación. Es un análisis reflexivo, desarrollado en el Laboratorio del Estudio de Movimiento del Instituto de Ortopedia y Traumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de São Paulo, SP. En este análisis, reflexionamos sobre los siguientes temas relacionados con COVID-19: mecanismos inmunológicos, impacto en los sistemas neuromuscular y musculoesquelético y la rehabilitación de los pacientes. Nivel de evidencia V; Opinión de expertos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to translate and adapt to the Portuguese language the data set of the lower urinary tract for individuals with spinal cord injury. International Spinal Cord Society and the American Spinal Injury Association. Method: this is a methodological study of instrument translation, with the participation of a group of five experts who took part in the translation and back translation phases and five judges. The Data set has been translated and adapted according to the methodological recommendations of International Spinal Cord Society and the American Spinal Injury Association. Results: for the translation stage, 56% of the sentences were unanimously translated by the three invited translators. Of the nine questions that comprised the instrument only four showed differences. Conclusion: a translated and culturally adapted instrument for the evaluation of the lower urinary tract of people with spinal cord injury in the Portuguese language was obtained, guaranteeing the Brazilian participation in international multicenter studies on the spinal cord injury.

RESUMEN Objetivo: traducir y adaptar para la lengua portuguesa el data set del tracto urinario inferior para los individuos con lesión medular propuesto por la International Spinal Cord Society y la American Spinal Injury Association. Método: se realizó un estudio metodológico de traducción del instrumento con la participación de un grupo de cinco especialistas que participaron de las fases de traducción, retrotraducción, y también, cinco jueces. El data set fue traducido y adaptado según las recomendaciones metodológicas de International Spinal Cord Society y la American Spinal Injury Association.. Resultados: para la etapa de traducción, 56% de las oraciones fueron traducidas con unanimidad por los tres traductores invitados. De las nueve preguntas que componían el instrumento solo cuatro de ellas presentaron divergencias. Conclusión: se obtuvo un instrumento traducido y culturalmente adaptado para la evaluación del tracto urinario inferior de personas con lesiones medulares en lengua portuguesa, proporcionando la participación brasileña en los estudios multicéntricos internacionales sobre la lesión medular.

RESUMO Objetivo: traduzir e adaptar para a língua portuguesa o data set do trato urinário inferior para indivíduos com lesão medular proposto pela International Spinal Cord Society e American Spinal Injury Association. Método: constitui-se de um estudo metodológico de tradução de instrumento, com a participação de um grupo de cinco especialistas que participaram das fases de tradução e retrotradução e cinco juízes. O Data set foi traduzido e adaptado segundo as recomendações metodológicas da International Spinal Cord Society e American Spinal Injury Association. Resultados: para a etapa de tradução, 56% das sentenças foram traduzidas com unanimidade pelos três tradutores convidados. Das nove questões que compunham o instrumento apenas quatro apresentaram divergências. Conclusão: obteve-se um instrumento traduzido e culturalmente adaptado para avaliação do trato urinário inferior de pessoas com lesão medular em língua portuguesa, proporcionando a participação brasileira nos estudos multicêntricos internacionais sobre lesão medular.

RESUMO Objetivo: traduzir e adaptar para a língua portuguesa o data set do trato urinário inferior para indivíduos com lesão medular proposto pela International Spinal Cord Society e American Spinal Injury Association. Método: constitui-se de um estudo metodológico de tradução de instrumento, com a participação de um grupo de cinco especialistas que participaram das fases de tradução e retrotradução e cinco juízes. O Data set foi traduzido e adaptado segundo as recomendações metodológicas da International Spinal Cord Society e American Spinal Injury Association. Resultados: para a etapa de tradução, 56% das sentenças foram traduzidas com unanimidade pelos três tradutores convidados. Das nove questões que compunham o instrumento apenas quatro apresentaram divergências. Conclusão: obteve-se um instrumento traduzido e culturalmente adaptado para avaliação do trato urinário inferior de pessoas com lesão medular em língua portuguesa, proporcionando a participação brasileira nos estudos multicêntricos internacionais sobre lesão medular.

ABSTRACT Objective: to translate and adapt to the Portuguese language the data set of the lower urinary tract for individuals with spinal cord injury. International Spinal Cord Society and the American Spinal Injury Association. Method: this is a methodological study of instrument translation, with the participation of a group of five experts who took part in the translation and back translation phases and five judges. The Data set has been translated and adapted according to the methodological recommendations of International Spinal Cord Society and the American Spinal Injury Association. Results: for the translation stage, 56% of the sentences were unanimously translated by the three invited translators. Of the nine questions that comprised the instrument only four showed differences. Conclusion: a translated and culturally adapted instrument for the evaluation of the lower urinary tract of people with spinal cord injury in the Portuguese language was obtained, guaranteeing the Brazilian participation in international multicenter studies on the spinal cord injury.

RESUMEN Objetivo: traducir y adaptar para la lengua portuguesa el data set del tracto urinario inferior para los individuos con lesión medular propuesto por la International Spinal Cord Society y la American Spinal Injury Association. Método: se realizó un estudio metodológico de traducción del instrumento con la participación de un grupo de cinco especialistas que participaron de las fases de traducción, retrotraducción, y también, cinco jueces. El data set fue traducido y adaptado según las recomendaciones metodológicas de International Spinal Cord Society y la American Spinal Injury Association.. Resultados: para la etapa de traducción, 56% de las oraciones fueron traducidas con unanimidad por los tres traductores invitados. De las nueve preguntas que componían el instrumento solo cuatro de ellas presentaron divergencias. Conclusión: se obtuvo un instrumento traducido y culturalmente adaptado para la evaluación del tracto urinario inferior de personas con lesiones medulares en lengua portuguesa, proporcionando la participación brasileña en los estudios multicéntricos internacionales sobre la lesión medular.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to analyze the extent of motor adaptation in ankle plantar flexors and dorsiflexors among older drivers during clinical isokinetic testing. METHODS: One hundred older adults (70.4±5.7 years) participated in two bilateral ankle plantar flexor and dorsiflexor isokinetic assessments at 30°/sec. Peak torque (PTQ), PTQ adjusted for body weight (PTQ/BW), and total work (TW) were analyzed. RESULTS: On the dominant side, PTQ/BW and TW were significantly greater for the second plantar flexion test than were those for the first such test (p<0.001), whereas PTQ, PTQ/BW, and TW (p<0.001) were significantly greater for the second dorsiflexion test than were those for the first such test. On the non-dominant side, plantar flexion PTQ and TW were significantly lower for the second test than were those for the first test (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Older drivers demonstrated better performance with the dominant limb on the second test. The low variability in test execution showed the existence of a motor adaptation effect for the tested movements, despite the short recovery period between the assessments.

Abstract Aims: The aim of this study was to verify body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and biochemical markers of prepubertal overweight and obese boys to a 16-week futsal training program. Methods: Sixteen boys (age: 7-10 y, body mass index>thanat 95th percentileaccording to Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 35.5±7.4 percent fat) participated to futsal training program. The assessment of body composition was estimated using skinfold thickness, and the following variables were evaluated: total body mass, body mass index, body fat percentage, and lean body mass. Aerobic fitness measurementwas performed by gas exchange analysis in treadmill. In addition, an evaluation of the biochemical profile was conducted: triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, plasma concentrations of glucose, and insulin. The futsal intervention included 60-min sessions performed two times/week. The mean intensity during training was between 57 to 88% of maximal heart rate of the age-predicted. Individual portable heart rate monitor controlled training intensity. Results: Significant increases in total body mass (4%), height (3%), lean body mass (8%), and significant 6%-decrease in body fat percentage was observed. Body mass index remained unchanged. Maximal oxygen uptake was elevated (p<0.018) by 11%. Biochemical markers were not modified after intervention. No association was found between body composition and metabolic variables. The effect size of futsal training on most variables was small (<0.5). Conclusion: Controlled intensity and adherence to this 16-week futsal training program were determinant to enhance body composition, and cardiorespiratory fitness in this group of prepubertal boys.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar fatores associados com acidentes de trânsito com motocicletas. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 285 vítimas de acidente de motocicleta em São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados em plantões nas unidades de emergência. Foram coletadas informações sobre: condições das vítimas, uso de equipamentos de segurança, condições de estrada e veículo. RESULTADOS: As vítimas eram principalmente homens jovens (92%); 23% usavam a motocicleta para o trabalho (média: 8 horas por dia); 45% possuíam a motocicleta por menos de dois anos; 77% tinham habilitação para dirigir; 33% tinham menos de quatro anos de habilitação; 31% tinham feito curso de direção defensiva. Lesões graves foram identificadas em 67% dos motoristas não habilitados. Houve politraumatismo em 9% das vítimas e traumatismo craniano em 5% da população avaliada. Fraturas de membros inferiores ocorreram mais frequentemente do em membros superiores (17% contra 12%). A maioria usava capacetes (90%), mas apenas 18% usava capacete, botas e jaqueta. Dosagens positivas de álcool (7%) e drogas (14%) foram vistas e totalizaram 21% de todas as vítimas. A maioria dos acidentes ocorreu como consequência de imprudência (88%), durante o dia (67%) e sem chuva (94%). CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos acidentes envolve vítimas do sexo masculino, adultos, que usam a motocicleta como meio de transporte e não consideram equipamentos de segurança, condução defensiva e o consumo de álcool e drogas fatores importantes para prevenção dos acidentes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the factors associated with traffic motorcycles accidents. METHODS: The sample consisted of 285 motorcycle accident victims in São Paulo. Data were collected from 24-hour emergency service shifts regarding: conditions of the victims, security equipment, road and vehicle conditions. RESULTS: Victims were mostly young men (92%); 23% used the motorcycle for work (average: 8 hours per day); 45% had owned a motorcycle for less than two years; 77% were licensed motorcycle drivers; 33% had less than four years of qualification; 31% had attended a course of defensive driving. Severe lesions were identified in 67% of the unlicensed drivers. Polytrauma occurred in 9% head trauma in 5% of the entire population. Lower limb fractures occurred more frequently than upper limb (17% vs. 12%). Most wore helmets (90%) but only 18% wore helmet, boots and jacket. Positive readings for alcohol (7%) and drugs (14%) occurred in 21% of victims. Most accidents occurred as a consequence of imprudence (88%), during the day (67%), in dry weather conditions (94%). A side impact was registered in 48% of cases; 80% of motorcycles had an engine capacity up to 250 cc. In 51% of the accidents the person responsible for the accident was the driver of the other vehicle in the accident. CONCLUSION: Most accidents involve motorcyclists who are young male adults, use the motorcycle as a means of transport and do not consider safety, defensive driving and the use of alcohol and drugs as important factors.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a Economia de Corrida numa grande amostra de jogadores de futebol e futsal de elite em diferentes posições do campo. METODOS: Os jogadores foram subdivididos em três subgrupos: futebol (jogadores de defesa, meio-campistas e atacantes) e futsal (jogadores de defesa, alas e pivôs). Foram 129 jogadores de futebol e 72 jogadores de futsal, que competem nas respectivas primeiras divisões do Brasil. Os jogadores foram submetidos a teste de esforço em esteira (8,4 km-1.h+1,2km-1.h a cada dois minutos) até a exaustão. Consumo máximo de oxigênio, limiares ventilatórios e Economia de Corrida foram registrados por análise de troca gasosa respiratória. A Economia de Corrida foi determinada por interpolação utilizando as velocidades dos limiares ventilatórios 1 e 2 e o consume de oxigênio nas duas velocidades. RESULTADOS: Os valores de Economia de Corrida entre as posições nos dois esportes foram os seguintes: Futebol, jogadores de defesa (222,7±16,7mL.kg-1.km-1), meio-campistas (227±19,9mL.kg-1.km-1), e atacantes (219,8±17,2mL.kg-1.km-1). Futsal, jogadores de defesa (198,5±10,8mL.kg-1.km-1), alas (196,9±16,2mL.kg-1.km-1), e pivôs (190,5±11,8mL.kg-1.km-1). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as três posições em ambos os esportes. A Economia de Corrida dos jogadores de futsal foi 12,5% melhor do que dos jogadores de futebol. Neste estudo, os jogadores da posição pivô no futsal tiveram os melhores valores de Economia de Corrida (custo de oxigênio mais baixo). Embora o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max) e o limiar ventilatório 2 (LV2) fosse maior nos jogadores de futebol, a Economia de Consumo foi pior. Esta correlacionou-se positivamente com o VO2 no LV2 em ambos os esportes e em todas as posições CONCLUSÃO: Futsal tem melhor Economia de Consumo do que futebol. O presente estudo aponta a importância dos índices Economia de Consumo no plano de treinamento físico dos atletas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine running economy in a large sample of elite soccer and futsal players to obtain benchmarks in different positions. METHODS: Running Economy is the energy demand at a submaximal running velocity. Players were divided into 6 subgroups. Soccer: defenders, midfielders, and strikers; futsal: defenders, wingers, and pivots. Elite soccer players (n=129) and elite futsal players n=72 performed an incremental running test starting at 8.4 km.h-1 with increments of 1.2 km.h-1 every two minutes on a treadmill until exhaustion. Running Economy was determined by interpolation between ventilatory thresholds 1 and 2 (VT1 and VT2). RESULTS: Running Economy (measured as mL.kg-1.km-1) was compared between the playing positions in the two team sports. In soccer, running economy was 222.7 (defenders), 227.0 (midfielders), and 219.8 (strikers) mL.kg-1.km-1, respectively. In futsal, the corresponding values were 198.5 (defenders), 196.9 (wingers), and 190.5 (pivots) mL.kg-1.km-1, respectively. We no found significantly differences between the three positions in both sports. The Running Economy of futsal players was 12.5% better than that of soccer players. Running Economy correlated positively with oxygen uptake at VT2 in both sports and in all positions. CONCLUSION: Futsal players exhibited better Running Economy than soccer players; this should be considered as a factor in the athlete's training plan.